President Trump's Gaza peace plan that has been adopted by the UN Security Council on November 17, 2025 includes references to a reformed Palestinian Authority that would be able to regain control over the Gaza administration, which could serve as a pathway to Palestinian Arab self-determination and statehood. Earlier this year, on September 12, the UN General Assembly had approved by a large majority a French-Saudi Arabian initiative promoting the two-state solution to the Israeli-Arab Palestinian conflict, which actually suggests the establishment of a Palestinian Arab state.
Peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a worldwide goal and is also the main core of the 1993-95 Oslo Accords on which the PA's very existence is based. The ongoing effort to upgrade its status from an autonomous entity to that of a state needs, therefore, some clarification as to what extent it is committed indeed to the idea of peace with Israel. Because, if it is not, any such move would raise Israel's suspicions, cause counteractions and increase instability in the region.
An attempt to answer this question has been made in a study in which we examined the references to the conflict in over two hundred PA schoolbooks and teachers' manuals of the latest editions. The criteria of analysis used were UNESCO's guidelines.
The decision to use this particular source material was taken on the basis of the assumption that schoolbooks are the most reliable indicator of the ideals a society would aspire to instill in the minds of the younger generation. If such books are issued exclusively by the government, as the case is with the PA, they also best represent the deeper beliefs of that government as far as its political aspirations are concerned.
In clearer wording: the PA's attitude to the idea of peace with Israel is best shown in its textbooks.
The Oslo Accords and the ensuing establishment of the Palestinian Authority do exist in the books. Most interesting is a letter appearing there that was sent by Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to Yitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister of Israel, prior to the signing of the Declaration of Principles (the initial agreement signed within the Oslo process) in September 1993.
In this letter, the PLO recognized the right of the State of Israel to live in peace and new security, accepted the UN Security Council's resolutions Nos. 242 and 338, committed itself to the peace process in the Middle East and to peaceful resolution of the conflict between the two parties, declared that all the basic issues related to the permanent situation would be solved through negotiations, condemned the use of terror, as well as other violent actions, confirmed that the articles appearing in the Palestinian National Covenant that denied Israel's right to exist were no longer valid, and took upon itself to present the necessary amendments within that Covenant to the Palestinian National Assembly in order to officially approve them.
This text is self-explanatory and could have served as a firm basis for peace education. Unfortunately, this is not the case. The entire PA curriculum is tuned to war. The moto is liberation from occupation, but the liberation struggle is violent and terror-involved - in clear contradiction to the commitment to non-violence in Arafat's letter.
Moreover, the "liberation of Palestine" covers the country in its entirety - contrary to Arafat's recognition of Israel's right to exist. Cities inside Israel within its pre-1967 boundaries, such as Jaffa and Acre, are to be "liberated" specifically. In fact, the Palestinian Arab pupils learn at school that Arab "Palestine" is the only sovereign state in the country, and that "sovereign Palestine" has been under "Zionist occupation" since 1948. Israel's pre-1967 territory is phrased "the territories occupied in 1948".
Accordingly, Israel is rarely mentioned by its name, and is rather referred to as "the Zionist occupation". It goes without saying that Israel within its pre-1967 territory is absent from all maps.
It should be also noted that Israel's 7-million Jewish citizens are presented as foreign colonialists and the cities they built, including Tel Aviv, are missing from the map. Their history in the country since antiquity is denied, as well as the existence of their holy places there, including the Western Wall in Jerusalem, the last remnant of their ancient Temple there. The Jews' national language, Hebrew, is erased - literally and physically - from a coin of the British Mandate era before 1948 on which it appeared, as reproduced in a PA mathematics textbook.
Both Israel and the Jews are demonized to a point that presents them as an existential threat to the Palestinian Arabs within the current conflict, which contradicts any move towards peace with them. Jews are further demonized as enemies of Islam from its early days, as the Devil's aides, and as enemies of God's prophets, which makes them automatically enemies of God Himself in the eyes of young Palestinian Arab youngsters who mostly come from traditional environments. Thus, the "liberation of Palestine" from "Zionist occupation" becomes religious in character, with the traditional Islamic ideals of Jihad and Shahadah (martyrdom) being also involved.
The PA schoolbooks rarely deal with the question - what should be done with the surviving Jews after the "liberation" of Palestine from "Zionist occupation". But an Islamic religious textbook brings within this context a traditional text speaking of the eventual annihilation of all Jews.
To conclude, any involvement of the PA in the Gaza administration, and, certainly, any future step toward the recognition of the PA as a state on the road to peaceful resolution of the conflict, should be pre-conditioned by changing its afore-presented educational line from a belligerent one into a decisive commitment to peace with Israel, exactly as it appears in Arafat's letter to Rabin (see above).
The field of education has indeed been mentioned in the context of the needed reforms.
Below are suggested specific changes:
1. Inclusion of Arafat's letter to Rabin in a number of textbooks of various grades in order to assert the PA's strategic goal of peaceful resolution of the conflict with Israel.
2. Use of the letter as a basis for the official recognition of the State of Israel on the part of the PA, to be expressed in all relevant textbooks, that is, showing the State of Israel on all political maps.
3. Traditional Islamic ideals that carry belligerent character, such as Jihad and martyrdom, should be disconnected from the current conflict and be left as part of past Islamic history.
4. Current geographical reality should be reflected in the books, i.e., Tel Aviv and other main Jewish cities must appear on the map.
5. Falsification of historical objects, such as British Mandatory coins and stamps, must be ended.
6. Recognition of the Jewish history and holy places in the land and elimination of all materials expressing religious bigotry against them.
7. Elimination of all materials exalting terror.